Questions from
readers
on
this
subject, had
a
different editions,
from
questions to
the
charges. I'll try to
edit
and
compile
correctly
essence
of doubts
of readers.
1.
If
you reject
the
ionization of atoms in metals,
how you explain
their
ionization
in
solution?
2.
Your
model of the structure of space
can not be
explained
by a galvanic
process
in which metal ions
move
towards the electrons.
I promised
to give
detailed
answers on this site.
How
is
understood galvanic
process
today?
Electroplating is
based on the phenomenon of electrocrystallization -
deposition on the cathode
positively charged metal
ions from aqueous solutions of their compounds by passing through a solution of a constant
electric current.
Qantitatively galvanic
processes are regulated by
the laws of Faraday,
taking into account secondary processes, which lead to the release on surface of covered products (along with a metal) hydrogen; qualitatively - the type and composition of the
electrolyte, the electrolysis
mode, ie current density, as well as
temperature and mixing
intensity
Actually, it
can be
read from
the
questions of readers
- it is
believed that
the metal
atoms are ionized and,
as
positive
charges -
are
attracted to the cathode.
It seems
so obvious that
readers
have
no doubt
in it.
Hence the
disturbance
by
concepts of real physics,
although I not once
wrote
that all charges
are
positive, even
in the
electron.
 |
Remark
Getting
acquainted
with
the new information material,
we
perceive it through the prism
of
the old ...
Imagine that
an
Englishman who wants to
learn
the Russian language,
hear from the mouth of
the
Russian man, for example, the phrase "Ai,
vosh
vota".
What
would he think?
Anything
other
than that a man
found
a
louse.
I
assure you, he will understand
this
as
"I wash
water".
Well,
of course,
he
would call the phrase
illiterate.
He
will
correct you
and
edit as
he
understood in English:
"I wash my face
with
water."
Before making
corrections, make sure you
understand the
words in the new
language.
|
Question 1.
But
how will
occur the ionization,
if
galvanic
processes
occur at a negligible
electrical
field~1 (V
/ m)?
Although
the current
in baths
is
big (hundreds
of A),
it
achieved
at the
expense of a large
number of
carriers, and
their
velocity are small.
The
kinetic energy of electrons
in these
processes is far from
the
ionization energy of metals.
In
addition, the ionization
can occur
only by discrete
jumps
for the
entire armada of
moving
electrons. These signs
are absent,
it means that the ionization
should be
forgotten.
I guess
that the answer on the first question
has been
received,
lets
proceed to the second.
Question 2.
It
is more
difficult, but ...
Dear
sparring
partners! I believe that
you have
read the page of the site
of the
structure of space.
But
you have
read only part of the
concept.
I reject
your
verdict and
will try
to describe clearly
the
reason for the counter
drift
of metal
atoms in solution.
To do this,we
need to use
the knowledge of
semiconductors,
which may suggest that the velocity of
electrons
is inversely proportional to the volume
density
of the medium.
For what
purpose we need it
-
it will
be clear from Figure 1,
illustrating
the transition
of
electrons in the chain of
"metal-metal
solution."
The metal
here
appears
as a bridge,
and right
bridge
is like
the
cathode.
It turns out that
the
current in a semiconductor
also has
a structure,
it is
important in this case that the electron
density
near the
cathode is small, and
the closer
to the
anode, their concentration
increases.
Cheer up,
the worst
is yet to come, if we begin to
summarize
the
electrical force
F = Hq,
acting on
each
electron. Thus, at
a
distance L between the cathode
and anode,
and in
condition of stillness
of the
last electron
in the
chain, the total force is equal to
(1)
or
.
If we
now
calculate
the pressure
in the
cells of the electronic structure
(2),
It turns out -
no, because this
force is
proportional to the electron
cross-sectional
area F = PS (and
atom).
And since
the radius of the electron
in
4,26 E +04
times
less than
the radius of an atom,
such inhibition
is
negligible.
Here, we must
say that
the essence of the process
outlined sketchily,
not including some of the nuances.
For
example, the force (1)
in
practice smaller,
because its
accumulation
is
at
We
also
do not
consider the deformation
of the
electronic structure near the anode,
these
parameters do not make a
qualitative
change in
the
overall picture. Nature of the change
of
pressure in the galvanic bath
is shown
in Figure
2.
I think that
readers
no longer
have any doubt that
all the
theories are based on
ionization
of
solutions and metals-bluff.
And
you and I
can briefly
touch upon
some
other related
issues.
1. Ejection
of atoms
from the anode
It remains
to answer
the question,
how does
an atom
escapes
from the
crystal lattice of the metal.
This
is
above and
beyond what was asked
readers.
This is
due to three factors:
2. Electrolysis.
Как мы уже отметили, сила,
обусловленная встречным градиентом давления, пропорциональна площади
сечения электрона или атома. А если не атом, а молекула? Например,
молекула Н
2О.
Её площадь на порядок выше, чем сечение атома. Поэтому она сразу резко
ускоряется, приобретая кинетическую энергию. Ничем, кроме столкновений
с атомами металла, рост кинетической энергии не ограничен. Поэтому
энергия и растет до требуемого для развала значения. А когда молекула
воды развалилась, водороду легче всего образовать свою молекулу Н2 и
под действием давления выйти на поверхность. Впрочем, всегда
сохраняется вероятность достижения катода.
