The student hesitated and blurted out: forgotten, honestly, I knew but had forgotten ....
It is a pity - the professor said. You-were the only person on earth
who knew-what is the electric current.
This joke
comes to
mind when you read
a modern
formulation:
an
electric current is
directed
movement of electrons.
This is
not quite so, there is
movement, that isn't
creating
the current.
The
mathematical formulation 
more precise,
but
it's not exatly true also.
At first
you need just
to
explain - what physical
characteristics
or processes
are
reliable witnesses to
the
current. In this
formulation
of the problem is no better
test
than
the "creation
of the
vortex magnetic field."
The
magnetic field creates an
electron
orbital
rotation
'energy-mass
(EM).
And then -
just
a property
of an
electron to align their
axis
of
symmetry along the line
of motion.
This
property is symbolically
reflected
in the
formulation of directional movement. Why
directed? -
Probably
so as not
to fall under
oscillatory
motion. But then why it's
wrong?
Because the movement is a relative parameter, which is meaningless without specifying the relative object to the reference. In fact, the movement of electrons in a conductor produces a current. Take in the hands the same conductor with electrons, and move it arbitrarily directed-nothing happens! Electrons move, but there isn't current. And it's not all. There is a small trait - to the orientation of the electron should be not just motion, but accelerated motion. Indeed, the force arises when mass is accelerating.
I apologize to readers for pedantry - it's no small thing. Mathematical record
does
not speak
on the
motion, it says
about the
change of charge, to be
exact, the change
of energy
in time
.
But within the cell of spatial electric charge (SEC) the pressure is constant, therefore, the electron energy is also constant during the period of orbital rotation of EM
.
Consequently, the current of fixed electron is equal to zero, and we returned to the motion?
Yes, and no. The fact that the orientation of the axis of symmetry of the electron occurs only when an external local force working or under the effect of the electrical tension N. That is, the movement needs an energy cost. Then work on the movement of the electron A = FdL is compensated by deceleration of EM vibrations in the period T, which lowers the internal kinetic energy of the electron. Power of the current generated by the electron is equal to
.
This implies that the current shows the electron energy loss
in
its motion, expressed
in the
change of potential
for
the
period of oscillation of EM
.
The ratio
erroneously
called by
the people
as charge
that isn't
sensitive
to changes in energy.
The fact
that the
electron energy within
the
period transfers from
electric
to
magnetic
form
and forth.
Energy
storage is capacity of
electron
. The radius
of the
electron is changing inversely proportional
to its
energy, causing
potential
of the electron to be changed also.
.
Energy storage does not occur when an electron moves through space by changing the bulk density of the charges
.
Such
movement is called
in the
physics as bias current.
It turns out that
this is
not
current, because
the
electron motion occurs
along with SEC cell. Here
it is
the
relative object of
movement! Not
local
force, but distributed
in space the sum
of forces effect on the
electron.
If group
of SEC cells is moving,
this group
isn't
being changed.
Consequently, the current is produced exclusively in the case of accelerated motion, that violating the energy balance of the moving electron with respect to - the surrounding charges. This means that there is a measure of length, on which we can judge the current, it is the parameter z of grid SEC. Now the formulation
acquires
the
physical meaning of motion.
The motion of electrons in metals and semiconductors is accures with very low velocities (a few meters per second), so in the formula the electron charge can be considered as constant. At speeds commensurable with the speed of light is beginning to affect the volatility of "charge" parameter , and this formula is not good.
.
Fig.1. The illustration of current structure on diverse areas of conduction.
Lets return the reader to the section of semiconductors, the failures of the current in a semiconductor (Fig. 1) are due to knock-out of electrons moving along the vector of tension. Under the action of a scalar pressure, and different values of bulk densitypart
of the electrons in the semiconductor redistributed. For
a while the electrons moved perpendicularly to the line of tension.
The flow of current is accompanied by energy losses of electrons. Losses are expressed as the potential difference at the ends of the circuit .
The
energy source must replenish the energy of the electrons in the chain. The
amount of current is proportional to the velocity of the electrons and
their number. Unfortunately,
there is still no way to determine the number of free electrons in the
conductor. Uncertainty
between parameters this is the basic problem of the physical
description of the current. We
can give only the first correlating
factor
- the energy of nucleus
field.
The
intensity of this field is directly related to the mass number of a
chemical element. Therefore,
the volume density of charge of course depends on the volume density 
of
the substance. It
will take a long time to create a specific relationships
table,
taking into account the type and form of the atoms grid, as
well as the interference of the nuclear field for different materials.
more precise,
but
it's not exatly true also.
At first
you need just
to
explain - what physical
characteristics
or processes
are
reliable witnesses to
the
current. In this
formulation
of the problem is no better
test
than
the "creation
of the
vortex magnetic field."
The
magnetic field creates an
electron
orbital
rotation
'energy-mass
(EM).
And then -
just
a property
of an
electron to align their
axis
of
symmetry along the line
of motion.
This
property is symbolically
reflected
in the
formulation of directional movement. Why
directed? -
Probably
so as not
to fall under
oscillatory
motion. But then why it's
wrong?Because the movement is a relative parameter, which is meaningless without specifying the relative object to the reference. In fact, the movement of electrons in a conductor produces a current. Take in the hands the same conductor with electrons, and move it arbitrarily directed-nothing happens! Electrons move, but there isn't current. And it's not all. There is a small trait - to the orientation of the electron should be not just motion, but accelerated motion. Indeed, the force arises when mass is accelerating.
I apologize to readers for pedantry - it's no small thing. Mathematical record
does
not speak
on the
motion, it says
about the
change of charge, to be
exact, the change
of energy
in time
. But within the cell of spatial electric charge (SEC) the pressure is constant, therefore, the electron energy is also constant during the period of orbital rotation of EM
. Consequently, the current of fixed electron is equal to zero, and we returned to the motion?
Yes, and no. The fact that the orientation of the axis of symmetry of the electron occurs only when an external local force working or under the effect of the electrical tension N. That is, the movement needs an energy cost. Then work on the movement of the electron A = FdL is compensated by deceleration of EM vibrations in the period T, which lowers the internal kinetic energy of the electron. Power of the current generated by the electron is equal to
. This implies that the current shows the electron energy loss
in
its motion, expressed
in the
change of potential for
the
period of oscillation of EM
. The ratio
erroneously
called by
the people
as charge
that isn't
sensitive
to changes in energy.
The fact
that the
electron energy within
the
period transfers from
electric
to
magnetic
form
and forth.
Energy
storage is capacity of
electron. The radius
of the
electron is changing inversely proportional
to its
energy, causing
potential
of the electron to be changed also.
. Energy storage does not occur when an electron moves through space by changing the bulk density of the charges
.
Such
movement is called
in the
physics as bias current.
It turns out that
this is
not
current, because
the
electron motion occurs
along with SEC cell. Here
it is
the
relative object of
movement! Not
local
force, but distributed
in space the sum
of forces effect on the
electron.
If group
of SEC cells is moving,
this group
isn't
being changed.Consequently, the current is produced exclusively in the case of accelerated motion, that violating the energy balance of the moving electron with respect to - the surrounding charges. This means that there is a measure of length, on which we can judge the current, it is the parameter z of grid SEC. Now the formulation
acquires
the
physical meaning of motion.
The motion of electrons in metals and semiconductors is accures with very low velocities (a few meters per second), so in the formula the electron charge can be considered as constant. At speeds commensurable with the speed of light is beginning to affect the volatility of "charge" parameter , and this formula is not good.
. Fig.1. The illustration of current structure on diverse areas of conduction.
Lets return the reader to the section of semiconductors, the failures of the current in a semiconductor (Fig. 1) are due to knock-out of electrons moving along the vector of tension. Under the action of a scalar pressure, and different values of bulk density
part
of the electrons in the semiconductor redistributed. For
a while the electrons moved perpendicularly to the line of tension.The flow of current is accompanied by energy losses of electrons. Losses are expressed as the potential difference at the ends of the circuit
.
The
energy source must replenish the energy of the electrons in the chain. The
amount of current is proportional to the velocity of the electrons and
their number. Unfortunately,
there is still no way to determine the number of free electrons in the
conductor. Uncertainty
between parameters this is the basic problem of the physical
description of the current. We
can give only the first correlating
factor
- the energy of nucleus
field.
The
intensity of this field is directly related to the mass number of a
chemical element. Therefore,
the volume density of charge of course depends on the volume density of
the substance. It
will take a long time to create a specific relationships
table,
taking into account the type and form of the atoms grid, as
well as the interference of the nuclear field for different materials.